China is currently experiencing a significant rise in respiratory illnesses, notably including Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), influenza, and Covid-19. These illnesses are impacting vulnerable populations, particularly children and the elderly, putting additional strain on the country’s healthcare system.
Five years after the Covid-19 pandemic began, China is facing an uptick in cases of HMPV. Reports and social media posts describe hospitals as being overwhelmed, with claims of crowded wards and understaffed facilities. The spread of multiple viruses, such as influenza A, HMPV, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Covid-19, is reportedly happening simultaneously, with evidence of severe congestion at healthcare centers.
What is happening in China?
Despite the surge in cases, neither the Chinese government nor the World Health Organization (WHO) has issued formal warnings or declared an emergency. The rise in respiratory illnesses is most pronounced in children and older adults. Children, whose immune systems are still developing, are especially susceptible to infections, while older adults and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions like asthma or COPD are at a heightened risk for complications. The illnesses share symptoms similar to the flu or a cold, such as fever, cough, and congestion, and in some cases, wheezing or pneumonia.
First COVID from Wuhan- China, now this!
China is facing a new virus outbreak, HMPV, along with other respiratory diseases like influenza A and COVID-19.
With the world still reeling from the COVID-19 pandemic, it’s crucial that world leaders unite and hold China accountable… pic.twitter.com/N8xq3UmWR5— Digital Citizens for Human Rights (@dc4_humanrights) January 3, 2025
Experts believe this surge can be attributed to the combined effects of colder weather and a return to regular activities after the Covid-19 restrictions. The strict lockdowns and social distancing measures over the past few years reduced exposure to many common viruses, leaving people—especially children—more vulnerable as they encounter these pathogens for the first time since restrictions lifted.
Monitoring and response in China
In response to the rise in cases, China’s health authorities are taking proactive steps. The government has introduced a new monitoring system to track pneumonia cases of unknown origin, aiming to better prepare for respiratory diseases, particularly during winter months. This marks a shift from the initial slow response to the Covid-19 outbreak.
The National Disease Control and Prevention Administration (NCDPA) has also implemented new reporting protocols, requiring laboratories to report cases, while disease control agencies work to verify and manage the data. According to official sources, respiratory infections increased during the week of December 16–22, 2024.
Rising cases of respiratory diseases
Kan Biao, an NCDPA official, predicted an increase in respiratory diseases through the winter and spring, although the overall number of cases in 2025 is expected to remain lower than in the previous year. Cases of various respiratory pathogens, such as rhinovirus and HMPV, have been climbing, particularly in children under 14. Notably, northern provinces have reported a significant rise in HMPV cases.
Understanding Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a viral infection that typically causes cold-like symptoms, though it can also lead to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, asthma exacerbations, and complications for those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). HMPV infections tend to occur more frequently during the winter and early spring months.
This virus is commonly contracted by children under the age of five. While it is possible to contract HMPV multiple times, subsequent infections are usually less severe.
Symptoms of HMPV
Common symptoms of HMPV include:
- Cough
- Fever
- Runny or stuffy nose
- Sore throat
- Wheezing
- Shortness of breath
- Rashes
How is HMPV transmitted?
HMPV is a contagious virus that spreads through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces. It is commonly transmitted via:
- Coughing and sneezing
- Physical contact, such as handshakes or hugs
- Touching contaminated objects, like phones, doorknobs, or toys
Treatment for HMPV
Currently, no specific antiviral treatment exists for HMPV. Most people recover at home by managing symptoms. However, in severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids, and corticosteroids to alleviate symptoms and reduce inflammation.
